4^th International Conference on Atomic and Nuclear Physics October 26-27, 2018
Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Nuclear physics is the field of science that studies about atomic nuclei, constituents and interactions. Nuclear Physics on the other hand, apprehensions itself with the particles of the nucleus called nucleons (protons & neutrons). The research in this field has led to many applications such as  nuclear power, nuclear weapons, nuclear medicine, nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. The modern nuclear physics includes nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, nuclear decay and Production of "heavy" elements using atomic number greater than five.

Quantum physics also known as quantum mechanics which includes the quantum field theory is a division of physics which describes the nature at the minimum scales of energy levels of subatomic particles and atoms. Quantum physics can release the separate performances of the subatomic particles that consists all forms of matter (electrons, protons, neutrons, photons, and others). Heavy nucleus which contains hundreds of nucleons is treated as a quantum-mechanical one.

Periodic table arranges all the elements basing on their atomic number, electron configurations and recurring chemical properties. The rows of the table are called periods and the columns are called groups. The periodic table can be used to develop interactions between the properties of the elements and calculate the properties of new elements that are to be discovered.

Atomic spectroscopy studies about the electromagnetic radiation absorbed and emitted by atoms. In the determination of elemental compositions the electromagnetic spectrum or mass spectrum is applied that can be distributed by the type of spectroscopy used or with the atomization source. For systematic use the technology of atomic spectroscopy has generated three techniques such as Atomic Absorption, Atomic Emission and Atomic Fluorescence. The transitions involve the relaxation and excitation of the outer or bonding shell electrons of metal ions and atoms and the corresponding photons have energies inside the visible regions of the spectrum and ultraviolet. A decent instance of this is the dark absorption lines in the solar spectrum.

Nuclear Medicine is one of the applications of nuclear physics. The technologies used in nuclear medicine for diagnostic imaging are Rontgen’s discovery of X rays and Becquerel’s discovery of natural radioactivity. The main focus in nuclear medicine in physics is the diagnostic application of Nuclear Medicine which medicine involves the administration of trace amounts of compounds labelled with radioactivity (radionuclides) that are used to provide diagnostic information in many disease.

Interaction of an atom with radiation can be analyzed in three ways. They are 1) An atom makes a spontaneous transition from an excited state to a state of lower energy by emitting a photon which is the quantum of the electromagnetic field. 2) An atom absorbs the photon from a beam of radiation which makes a transition from a state of lower to a state of higher energy. 3) Atoms can also emit photons through the influence of an applied radiation field.

Atomic Astrophysics implements atomic physics calculations which use atomic data for reading astronomical observations. Atomic physics plays a main role in the arena of astrophysics because the astronomers get the information about any particular object through the emitted light, as this light will arise through the atomic transitions. Molecular Astrophysics studies about the emission of molecules which are in space. The molecules which are having more number of observable transitions are nearly 110 interstellar molecules.

Nanotechnology is the study and application of very small things which is about 1 to 100 nanometers. Nanotechnology is control of matter on a nuclear, sub-atomic and supramolecular scale. Nanotechnology as characterized by size is actually extremely wide, including fields of science as different as surface science, natural science, sub-atomic science, semiconductor material science, micro fabrication, sub-atomic building, and so on.

Nuclear reactor physics deals with the study and application of chain reaction to make a controlled rate of fission in a nuclear reactor for the production of energy. Many nuclear reactors use this chain reaction to bring a controlled rate of nuclear fission in fissile material which releases both energy and free neutrons. The reactor comprises of nuclear fuel, generally surrounded by a neutron moderator such as regular water, heavy water, graphite or zirconium hydride.

Nuclear engineering is the division of engineering, which is the analysis (fission) as well as the arrangement (fusion) of atomic nuclei or the application of other sub-atomic physics, based on the ideologies of nuclear physics. Nuclear engineering deals with the application of nuclear energy which includes nuclear power plants, submarine propulsion systems, food production, nuclear weapons and radioactive-waste disposal facilities. The field also includes the study of medical and other applications of radiation, nuclear safety and the problems of nuclear proliferation.

Atomic collisions are elementary collisions that occur between two atomic particles such as atoms, molecules, electrons or ions. This kind of collisions is two types, they are elastic collisions and inelastic collisions. In an Elastic collision the total energy remains the same before and after the collision, where the directions of motion of the particles are transformed and the kinetic energy is merely distributed among the particles. In an Inelastic collision the internal energy of the colliding particles will change where these particles go through transitions to different energy levels and the electronic state of an atom or a molecule is changed.

Nuclear fission and Nuclear fusion are dissimilar types of reactions that release due to the formation of nuclei with higher nuclear binding energy. Nuclear fission is also a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into lighter nuclei, which produces neutrons and photons and also releases a large amount of energy. Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at very high energy to form one or more altered atomic nuclei and subatomic particles.

Laser stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. The physics of an atom laser is similar to that of an optical laser and the main difference between an optical and an atom laser is that atoms interact with themselves, cannot be created as photons and retain mass whereas photons do not. Main applications of the atom laser are atom holography and atom interferometry.

Nuclear Astrophysics is a combination of nuclear physics and astrophysics which studies about the nuclear reactions and nuclear-level processes that occur naturally in space. Nuclear astrophysics has the spectacular movement in modelling the structure and evolution of stars, as well as in the experimental and theoretical understanding of the atomic nucleus and of its spontaneous or induced transformations.

Radioactive decay is also known as nuclear decay and it occurs when an unsteady atom loses energy by emitting radiation such as alpha particle, beta particle, gamma rays or electron in the case of internal conversion. Radioactivity is the result of the decay or disintegration of unstable nuclei. This process of radioactive decay can be done using three primary methods; by spontaneous fission (splitting) into two fragments, a nucleus can change one of its neutrons into a proton with the done at the same time emission of an electron (beta decay), by emitting a helium nucleus (alpha decay).