Andrey A Sukhikh is a Doctor of Technical Sciences, a Professor at the Department of Theoretical Foundations of Heat Technology of Federal State Budgetary EducationalrnInstitution of higher education National Research University MPEI, Moscow, is a specialist in the field of experimental physics. He is a leading Teacher on the basic discipline of engineering thermodynamics. He got Laureate of the Government Prize in the field of Science and Technology in 2008 for the work development and introduction of a set of precision data on thermophysical properties of working substances and cryogenic refrigeration and heat pumps.

The article is devoted to the solution of the task of choosing the working fluid for the heat-power circuit of power plants onrnnon-aqueous working substances. The authors formulated number of technical proposals for the introduction of fluorocarbonrnworking substances in the heat and power circuit of fast-neutron nuclear facilities with a liquid metal heat transfer phenomena. Inrnthe article, based on the analysis of the material balances of the presence of ozone-hazardous or greenhouse substances in the Earth\'s atmosphere and taking into account industrial and natural emissions over certain periods of time, shows the groundlessness (and,consequently, the invalid pattern) of the provisions on which international agreements on prohibition are based and the restriction of the use of a number of substances. Based on processing of mass balances according to IPCC-94 and IPCC-2013 the conclusions are made about the overestimate in IPCC-94 lifetime assessment for the most stable fluorocarbon CF4, which gives grounds for removing restrictions on the use of fluorocarbons on the basis of the greenhouse hazard and creates the conditions for studying the technological properties of fluorocarbons. Study of the thermal stability of fluorocarbon compounds (C3F8, C4F10) under constant andrncyclic heating in the presence of structural materials containing catalysts has been done. Under these conditions, the temperature of the beginning of the thermal decomposition of octafluoropropane is 630ºC, decafluorobutane is 600ºC. We also studied the impactrnof radiation on fluorocarbon working fluids (under α- and β-radiation). As calculations have shown, when using fluorocarbons, the required level of thermodynamic efficiency is reached at a pressure of 6 to 10 MPa (for water up to 24 MPa), which positively affectsrnthe safety of the reactor plant without reducing the efficiency. In the indicated range of pressures and temperatures up to 550°C therernis an optimum pressure value at which the cycle efficiency is maximal.

Gennadiy Filippov has his expertise in particle-solid interaction physics. He has completed his PhD from Tomsk State University (Russia). He is the Head of the Laboratory of Biophysics and Bio-Nanotechnology in the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy and Professor in the Chuvash State Pedagogical University in Cheboksary, Russian\r\nFederation.

Calculation and further analysis of density matrix (DM) for projectile which collides with a solid film reveals some new representations which is hard to be anticipated without the calculation namely: The coherence properties in the projectile’s wave field are describing through the special function of coherence. The collision with the solid leads to a significant decrease in the total\r\ncoherence length of the projectile’s wave field. The coherence length can become much smaller than the initial size of a wave packet of a particle passing through the film. During the collision with solid the number of different spatial areas where the mutual coherence in the projectile’s wave field is supported, can be multiplied. Every part of projectile’s wave field can be individualizing as the separate\r\nparticle having own property in its inner quantum state. The procedure which has a responsibility for such a transformation can be characterized as a spontaneous breaking of symmetry. The process described in the point 3 can be considered as a special form\r\nof breaking in quantum mechanics. Knowing the wave packet evolution during the passage through the solid film allows one to\r\nexplain experimental results on the pore formation during the passage of high charged atomic ions through the thin carbon nanomembranes.\r\nThe parts of the wave field considered above can be stabilized in its quantum state after it has been captured in its own\r\npolarization well.

K Sveshnikov has completed his PhD from Department of Physics of Moscow Lomonosov State University and postdoctoral studies from the same institution. He is the fulltime Professor in Theoretical Physics at the Department of Physics of Moscow Lomonosov State University, Director of the Institute of Theoretical Problems of MicroWorld of MSU. He has published more than 115 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as Editorial Member of such reputed journals as Theoretical and Mathematical Physics.

Motivated by the development of modern technologies, the confinement of quantum systems in cavities of different geometry\r\nhas recently attracted a considerable amount of theoretical and experimental activity. Starting from the works of Michels, de\r\nBoer and Bijl (1937), Sommerfeld and Welker (1938), until now the main attention has been devoted to the properties of atoms and\r\nmolecules, confined by an impenetrable or partially penetrable potential wall. In such models with spherical symmetry the atomic nucleus resides always in the center of cavity. However, a more realistic model of atomic confinement inside a cavity implies imposing more general not going out or third type boundary conditions on the electronic wavefunction. For an H-like atom, confined in the\r\nspherical cavity with such a condition, one obtains that depending on the cavity parameters, the atomic nucleus could reside either be in stable equilibrium at the center of the cavity, or is shifted towards the cavity boundary. This shift is accompanied by the spontaneous breaking of the initial SO(3)-symmetry, accompanied by the emergence of corresponding Goldstone modes, representing fluctuations of spontaneous average under group transformations. In turn, these modes coincide with rotations around the cavity center and so restore the original symmetry, while the atomic states acquire rotational quantum numbers and some additional nontrivial properties.In particular, the atomic position in the ground state turns out to be spread over a spherical shell in the vicinity of the cavity boundary,while the trapping of the atomic nucleus inside the cavity proceeds dynamically due to the boundary condition imposed on the\r\nelectronic wave function namely, when the nucleus moves towards the boundary, the deformation of the electronic wave function\r\nworks as a spring, which returns the nucleus back inside the cavity.

Laszlo Nemes is graduated as certified Chemical Engineer in 1959 from the Technical University of Budapest. He joined the research network of the Hungarian Academy\r\nof Sciences and has been associated ever since with that organization. His main fields are molecular spectroscopy, laser and plasma spectroscopy. He did PhD from the\r\nTechnical University of Budapest, 1965 and a DSC from the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1982. He is habilitated, Titular Professor in Physical Chemistry at\r\nthe Technical University of Budapest (1995). He has done research work in many countries (USA, Canada, UK, Germany France, The Netherlands, and Taiwan) and has published over 85 scientific papers in peer reviewed journals. He has edited book chapters and a book, also have written book chapters and a book. His present status is Science Adviser emeritus at the Research Center or Natural Sciences, Hung. Acad. Sci.

Mid infrared time-resolved emission (IRLIBS) spectra were recorded from laser-induced carbon plasma at Hampton University,Virginia, USA. These spectra constitute the first report of carbon materials LIB spectroscopy in the mid infrared range. The plasma was induced using a Q-switched Nd: YAG laser. The laser beam was focused to high purity graphite pellets mounted on a translation stage. Mid infrared emission from the plasma in atmospheric pressure background gases was detected by a cooled MCT\r\ndetector in the range 4.5-11.6 micrometer, using long-pass filters. The spectra were taken in argon, helium and also in nitrogen\r\nand were background corrected and noise filtered. A 0.15 m spectrometer with gratings blazed at 8 micrometer was used. Spectral\r\nresolution was around 80 nm.Several spectral runs were averaged using a boxcar averager. Even though a gate delay of 10 to 20 microseconds was used there were strong backgrounds in the spectra. Superimposed on this background broad and noisy emission\r\nbands were observed, the form and position of which depended somewhat on the ambient gas. In argon, for instance strong bands\r\nwere observed around 4.8, 6.0 and 7.5 micrometer. Using atomic spectral data by NIST it could be concluded that carbon and argon\r\nlines from neutral and ionized atoms are very weak in this spectral region. The width of the infrared bands also supports molecular\r\norigin. The infrared emission bands were thus compared to vibrational features of carbon molecules (excluding C2) and clusters of\r\nvarious sizes on the basis of previous carbon cluster infrared absorption and emission spectroscopic analyses in the literature and\r\nquantum chemical calculations. Applications of these results are expected in materials science, environmental chemistry and also in\r\nastrophysics.

Manisha is a graduate student at Department of Physics, Panjab University, Chandigarh since July, 2014 having specialization in experimental high energy physics (EHEP).\r\nShe has received her MSc in Physics, from Panjab University. She has actively participated in implementation of glass based resistive plate chambers (RPCs). She is\r\ncurrently focusing on soft QCD studies via underlying events measurements using CMS detector. She will be participating in development of gas electron multiplier (GEM) detectors also, planned to install in the first end-cap muon station during CMS phase 2 upgrade.

The efficiency and noise rate studies of RPC developed using highly resistive 2 mm thick Asahi glass electrodes (locally available),have been done using standard gases Freon (R134A), SF6 and isobutane (C4H10). The presented studies were performed for different readout strips of RPC to check uniformity in performance. Operating gas compositions are optimized using the VI characteristics as the base benchmark. The observed efficiency is ~96-98% and noise rate is in the range of ~10-18 Hz/cm2.

Peter Horst Rehm is an Engineer, Inventor, and Former Patent Attorney. The practice of patent law requires a patent practitioner to dive into an often-unfamiliar useful art,\r\nwrite up a formal description, and prove that a client’s invention is both new and non-obvious to those of ordinary skill in that art. While laws of nature cannot be patented, the concepts of novelty and non-obviousness still apply to purely scientific theories, as does the experience of finding and identifying such ideas.

The history of nuclear force theory often includes a mention that the inverse square law forces could not explain how the nucleus was held together? The characteristics of strength that overwhelms proton repulsion, charge independence that includes the neutrons,and extremely short range were never before seen. These were compelling evidence that a new force had been discovered. However,recent reconsideration of the Coulomb force equation suggests that one of its two asymptotes has been neglected. When graphed with\r\ndistance on the horizontal scale and force on the vertical scale, the classical Coulomb force equation follows the horizontal asymptote and approaches zero force at infinite distance. But going in the other direction, toward zero distance, at some point it switches to unfamiliar behavior that follows a vertical asymptote, with force increasing exponentially without bound. To the extent that this is\r\nundocumented, it cannot be considered classical. The point of maximum curvature, the distance where it takes a nearly right-angle\r\nturn, depends on the charges. For the nucleons’ -1/3 e and +2/3 e charges, this change occurs at about 0.15 fm, conveniently about\r\n20% of the radius of a nucleon. At closer distances, the force increases so fast that at about 0.08 fm apart, or about 10% of the radius of a nucleon, these charges would experience a mutual attraction of 25,000 N. This is enough to make it a contender for the force that is holding the atomic nucleus together. Thus, theoretical or experimental measures of attraction may suggest a distance between charges. Fractional charges were unknown in the 1930s, but their existence and presence in both protons and neutrons, along with other factors presented, challenge the 80-year old conclusion that the nucleus could not be held together by electromagnetic forces.

S B Levin has his expertise in Atomic Physics and Mathematical Physics. He has completed his PhD from St-Petersburg University. He is an Associate Professor at the\r\nFaculty of Physics, Department of Mathematical Physics, focusing his research on Atomic Physics mathematical models. He worked as a Postdoc and Research Assistant\r\nat Stockholm University and he also worked as a Guest Researcher at Mainz University (2001) and Harvard University (ITAMP) (2002).

We study the scattering problem of three three-dimensional unlike-charged quantum particles following the diffraction approach. The method was introduced earlier for the system of three one-dimensional neutral particles and developed later. Here we take into consideration the most interesting and also most complicated case of scattering problem of three three-dimensional charged quantum particles including the attraction in pair subsystems. The diffraction approach for the few-body problems of quantum scattering with slowly (Coulomb case) decreasing repulsive pair potentials was discussed earlier in literature. It allows in some sense to generalize the known works of E.Alt and A Mukhamedzhanov and construct the uniform in all angular variables continuous\r\nspectrum eigen functions asymptotics at infinity in configuration space. Nevertheless the most interesting from the physical point of view case of few unlike-charged quantum particles (or even clusters) scattering problem, which includes for example the low-energy charge atomic and molecular clusters re-arrangement, ionization and so on, is still not completely solved up to now in spite of a large amount of works dedicated to this problem. One of the main reasons of that is connected with the slowly decreasing pair potentials,\r\nwhich leads to the absence of asymptotic freedom and consequently to complications in the construction of asymptotic boundary\r\nconditions. Another reason of the complications is connected with attractive coulomb pair potentials and appearing of discrete\r\nspectrum (and even accumulative point of the discrete spectrum) of pair subsystems Hamiltonians. Consequently, the problem is\r\nconnected with a mathematically correct account of pair subsystems discrete spectrum accumulative points. Here we discuss this\r\nproblem from the point of view of the diffraction approach. Finally, it allows describing the contributions of the coulomb discrete spectrum accumulative points of subsystem Hamiltonians to the structure of the three-body continuous spectrum eigen functions.

S Adlparvar is a PhD candidate in Atomic Physics in Azad University. She has research experience on nuclear fusion with dense plasma focus device and Paul ion trap.\r\nShe is also involved in teaching physics to under graduate students.

Electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) in nuclear fusion devices such as tokomaks and stellarators, owing to overdense\r\nplasma is inefficient. This inefficiency is due to reflections of the waves at the so-called wave cut-offs. A two-step linear conversion\r\nprocess from ordinary mode (O mode) into extraordinary mode (X mode) and finally to slow electrostatic electron Bernstein wave\r\n(EBW), (OXB), can overcome this inefficiency and eliminate any density limits. In this article, we examine the transmission coefficient of O-X mode conversion for the optimal and density fluctuated launch conditions with parameters corresponding to the Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) stellarators.

Vladimir Valentinovich Egorov has his expertise in theoretical chemical physics. He has completed his PhD at the age of 32 years from Institute of Chemical Physics, USSR\r\nAcademy of Sciences, and he has completed his Dr Phys&Math Sci degree (Electrodynamics of extended multiphonon transitions) at the age of 55 years from Institute of\r\nPhysical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences. He is leading research scientist at Photochemistry Center, Russian Academy of Sciences.

This work brings some completion to the theoretical explanation of a set of the optical band shapes in polymethine dyes, their dimers and aggregates. The explanation of all this remarkable diversity of optical bands, represented briefly in figure 1, is based on a new theory of elementary electronic charge transfers in condensed media, which has been developed by V.V.E. fairly fully,beginning with publications in 2001, and in their significantly approximate but still constructive manner, starting with publications in 1988 (although the first results were obtained as early as 1983 and were published in conference proceedings in 1985) (see [1] and the corresponding references therein). This theory is based on rejecting the famous and popular Franck–Condon views in the theory of the dynamics of molecular quantum transitions and replacing them with an understanding of the dynamics of the transient state\r\nof molecular quantum transitions, which has a chaotic nature (see [1] and references therein).Theoretical analysis of the dynamics of molecular transient states shows that in the process of a quantum transition the motions of electrons and nuclei are not much separated in time, as the Franck–Condon physical picture prescribes; on the contrary, they are aligned in time due to their joint chaotic motion. This chaos in the motion of electrons and nuclei exists only in the transient state and is absent from the initial and final states of molecular systems experiencing quantum transitions. It is therefore called dozy chaos. Introducing dozy chaos into\r\nmolecular quantum mechanics has a forced nature and is associated with eliminating a substantial singularity in the probabilities (per unit time) of molecular quantum transitions (associated with the incommensurability of electron and nuclear masses), and it is the result of going beyond the adiabatic approximation. Considering a molecular quantum transition in the framework of the adiabatic approximation is tantamount to abandoning the dynamics of the transient state of a molecule, which in any case is always there.Formally, dozy chaos is introduced into the theory by replacing the infinitesimal imaginary addition in the energy denominator of the total Green’s function of a molecular system with a finite value. This procedure was performed in its entirety in the simplest example of molecular quantum transitions taking the dynamics of the transient state into account, namely, in the example of elementary electron-charge transfers in condensed media. The simplicity is here associated with the opportunity to approximate the electron Green’s function by a propagator and also with the opportunity to consider only non-local phonons and neglect local phonons. Because the main optical chromophore of polymethine dyes, the polymethine chain, has a quasi-linear structure with an alternating electronic charge along the chain, which is alternately redistributed on optical excitation, these dyes proved very convenient objects for numerous applications of the new theory of elementary electron-charge transfers. Thus, the theory of the optical band shape in polymethine dyes and their aggregates is not constructed as an ad hoc theory, as is often done by physicists or chemists (see [1] and the corresponding references therein), but is constructed as a by-product of the dozy-chaos theory of molecular quantum transitions.\r\nTheoretical atomic physics and theoretical nuclear physics were similarly constructed in the twentieth century, for example, as byproducts of quantum mechanics.